What is Leukemia?

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. It involves the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells, which can interfere with the production of normal blood cells. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

What are the Symptoms of Leukemia?

Symptoms of leukemia can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue and Weakness: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
• Frequent Infections: Increased susceptibility to infections.
• Fever or Chills: Unexplained fevers and chills.
• Easy Bruising or Bleeding: Excessive bruising, nosebleeds, or bleeding gums.
• Bone or Joint Pain: Pain or tenderness in bones or joints.
• Swollen Lymph Nodes: Swelling in lymph nodes, especially in the neck or armpits.
• Weight Loss: Unintended weight loss and loss of appetite.
• Night Sweats: Excessive sweating during the night.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing during normal activities.

How is Leukemia Diagnosed?

Leukemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, blood tests, and bone marrow tests:

• Physical Exam: Checking for signs of disease such as swollen lymph nodes, pale skin, or enlargement of the liver or spleen.
• Blood Tests: Complete blood count (CBC) to measure levels of red and white blood cells and platelets.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: Removing a sample of bone marrow to examine under a microscope for leukemia cells.
• Cytogenetic Analysis: Studying the chromosomes of leukemia cells to identify specific abnormalities.
• Flow Cytometry: Analyzing the characteristics of leukemia cells to determine the type of leukemia.

What are the Common Treatments for Leukemia?

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type, stage, age, overall health, and patient preferences. Common treatments include:

What is Chemotherapy for Leukemia?

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill leukemia cells. It is the main treatment for most types of leukemia and can be given orally or intravenously. Treatment often involves several cycles over a period of time.

What is Radiation Therapy for Leukemia?

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill leukemia cells. It is sometimes used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant or to target specific areas of the body affected by leukemia.

What is Targeted Therapy for Leukemia?

Targeted therapy uses drugs that specifically target the genetic changes in leukemia cells. These therapies are often used for chronic forms of leukemia.

What is Immunotherapy for Leukemia?

Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to fight leukemia. This includes treatments like monoclonal antibodies and CAR T-cell therapy.

What is a Bone Marrow Transplant for Leukemia?

A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells. This procedure is used after high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

What are the Side Effects of Leukemia Treatments?

Side effects vary depending on the treatment type and individual patient:

• Chemotherapy: Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, increased risk of infection, and mouth sores.
• Radiation Therapy: Side effects can include skin irritation, fatigue, nausea, and increased risk of infections.
• Targeted Therapy: Potential side effects include diarrhea, liver problems, skin rashes, and high blood pressure.
• Immunotherapy: Side effects can range from flu-like symptoms to severe immune-related reactions, such as inflammation in various organs.
• Bone Marrow Transplant: Risks include infections, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and organ damage.

What is the Prognosis for Leukemia Patients?

The prognosis for leukemia patients depends on the type and stage of leukemia, the patient’s age, overall health, and response to treatment. Advances in treatment have significantly improved the prognosis for many types of leukemia. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better outcomes. Regular follow-ups and monitoring are essential for managing leukemia and detecting any recurrence early.

For comprehensive leukemia care, schedule an appointment with New England Cancer Specialists. Early detection and advanced treatment options are your best allies in the fight against leukemia.