What is Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer refers to a group of cancers that affect the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and improved outcomes.

What are the Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Symptoms of gastrointestinal cancer can vary depending on the specific type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

• Esophageal Cancer: Difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, persistent cough or hoarseness.
• Stomach (Gastric) Cancer: Indigestion, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss.
• Liver Cancer: Abdominal pain, swelling, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue.
• Pancreatic Cancer: Abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea.
• Small Intestine Cancer: Abdominal pain, weight loss, weakness, nausea, vomiting, blood in the stool.
• Colorectal Cancer: Changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal discomfort, unexplained weight loss, fatigue.
• Anal Cancer: Rectal bleeding, pain in the anal area, changes in bowel habits, lumps near the anus.
• Bile Duct Cancer: Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, and pale stools or dark urine.
• Gallbladder Cancer: Abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, unexplained weight loss, and loss of appetite.

How is Gastrointestinal Cancer Diagnosed?

Gastrointestinal cancer is diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and biopsies:

• Physical Exam: Checking for lumps or abnormalities in the abdominal area.
• Blood Tests: Measuring specific markers or enzymes that may indicate cancer.
• Imaging Tests: Endoscopy, CT scans, MRI, PET scans, and ultrasound to visualize the tumor and assess its spread.
• Biopsy: Removing a sample of tissue to examine under a microscope for cancer cells.
• Stool Tests: Checking for blood or other abnormal substances in the stool.

What are the Common Treatments for Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Treatment for gastrointestinal cancer depends on the type, stage of the cancer, overall health, and patient preferences. Common treatments include:

What is Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Surgery aims to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue. Types of surgery include:

• Esophagectomy: Removal of part or all of the esophagus.
• Gastrectomy: Removal of part or all of the stomach.
• Liver Resection: Removal of part of the liver.
• Whipple Procedure: Removal of part of the pancreas, small intestine, and bile duct.
• Colectomy: Removal of part or all of the colon.
• Proctectomy: Removal of part or all of the rectum.

What is Radiation Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It can be used before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.

How Does Chemotherapy Work for Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It can be used alone or in combination with surgery and radiation therapy.

What is Targeted Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Targeted therapy uses drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms, minimizing damage to normal cells. It is often used for advanced gastrointestinal cancers.

What is Immunotherapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Immunotherapy helps boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It is particularly useful for certain types of advanced gastrointestinal cancer.

What are the Side Effects of Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatments?

Side effects vary depending on the treatment type and individual patient:

• Surgery: Risks include infection, bleeding, and complications related to digestion and bowel function.
• Radiation Therapy: Common side effects are fatigue, skin irritation, nausea, diarrhea, and effects on nearby organs.
• Chemotherapy: Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased risk of infection.
• Targeted Therapy: Potential side effects include skin rashes, diarrhea, and liver problems.
• Immunotherapy: Side effects can range from mild flu-like symptoms to more severe immune-related reactions, such as inflammation in various organs.

What is the Prognosis for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients?

The prognosis for gastrointestinal cancer patients depends on the type, stage at diagnosis, the size and location of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. Early-stage gastrointestinal cancers generally have a better prognosis, especially when detected and treated promptly. Advanced gastrointestinal cancers can be more challenging to treat, but new therapies are continually improving outcomes. Regular follow-ups and monitoring are crucial for managing gastrointestinal cancer and detecting any recurrence early.

For comprehensive gastrointestinal cancer care, schedule an appointment with New England Cancer Specialists. Early detection and advanced treatment options are your best allies in the fight against gastrointestinal cancer.