What is Prostate Cancer?

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland, a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid. It is one of the most common types of cancer in men. Prostate cancer usually grows slowly and initially remains confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm. However, some types are more aggressive and can spread quickly.

What are the Symptoms of Prostate Cancer?

Symptoms of prostate cancer may not appear until the disease is advanced. Common symptoms include:

• Frequent Urination: Especially at night (nocturia).
• Weak or Interrupted Urine Flow: Difficulty starting or stopping urination.
• Painful or Burning Sensation During Urination or Ejaculation
• Blood in Urine or Semen
• Pain in the Lower Back, Hips, or Thighs: Especially if the cancer has spread.
• Erectile Dysfunction
• Unintended Weight Loss

How is Prostate Cancer Diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of screening tests, physical exams, and biopsies:

• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for abnormalities.
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Measures the level of PSA in the blood, with higher levels suggesting the presence of prostate cancer.
• Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Uses sound waves to create an image of the prostate gland.
• Prostate Biopsy: Removing a sample of prostate tissue to examine under a microscope for cancer cells.
• MRI or CT Scans: To assess the spread of the cancer.

What are the Common Treatments for Prostate Cancer?

Treatment for prostate cancer depends on the stage, overall health, and patient preferences.

What is Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer?

Active surveillance involves closely monitoring the prostate cancer without immediate treatment. It includes regular PSA tests, DREs, and biopsies to ensure the cancer is not growing.

What is Surgery for Prostate Cancer?

Surgery aims to remove the prostate gland (prostatectomy). Types of surgery include:

• Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A minimally invasive procedure using small incisions and a camera to guide the surgery.
• Robotic Prostatectomy Surgery: A minimally invasive procedure where surgeons are assisted by highly precise robotic instruments.

What is Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer?

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It can be delivered externally or internally (brachytherapy).

How Does Hormone Therapy Work for Prostate Cancer?

Hormone therapy, also known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), reduces or blocks the production of testosterone, which can fuel the growth of prostate cancer cells.

What is Chemotherapy for Prostate Cancer?

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, often used for advanced prostate cancer that has spread beyond the prostate.

What is Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer?

Immunotherapy helps boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It includes treatments like checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines.

What are the Side Effects of Prostate Cancer Treatments?

Side effects vary depending on the treatment type and individual patient:

• Active Surveillance: Minimal side effects, but requires regular monitoring.
• Surgery: Risks include infection, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and complications related to anesthesia.
• Radiation Therapy: Common side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, urinary problems, and bowel issues.
• Hormone Therapy: Side effects may include hot flashes, loss of libido, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular issues.
• Chemotherapy: Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, increased risk of infection, and mouth sores.
• Immunotherapy: Side effects can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe immune-related reactions, such as inflammation in various organs.

What is the Prognosis for Prostate Cancer Patients?

The prognosis for prostate cancer patients depends on the stage at diagnosis, the Gleason score (which grades the aggressiveness of the cancer), the patient’s age, and overall health. Early-stage prostate cancer generally has a very good prognosis, especially when detected and treated promptly. Advanced prostate cancer can be more challenging to treat, but new therapies are continually improving outcomes. Regular follow-ups and monitoring are crucial for managing prostate cancer and detecting any recurrence early.

For comprehensive prostate cancer care, schedule an appointment with New England Cancer Specialists. Early detection and advanced treatment options are your best allies in the fight against prostate cancer.