What is Pancreatic Cancer?

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the tissues of the pancreas, an organ located behind the lower part of the stomach. The pancreas plays an essential role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Pancreatic cancer typically spreads rapidly and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, making it one of the most challenging cancers to treat.

What are the Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer?

Symptoms of pancreatic cancer can vary and often do not appear until the disease is advanced. Common symptoms include:

• Abdominal Pain: Pain in the upper abdomen that may radiate to the back.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, and pale stools.
• Weight Loss: Unintended and significant weight loss.
• Loss of Appetite: Decreased appetite and early satiety.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Persistent nausea and vomiting.
• New-Onset Diabetes: Sudden development of diabetes, especially in individuals with no prior history.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
• Blood Clots: Development of blood clots in the legs or other parts of the body.

How is Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosed?

Pancreatic cancer is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, blood tests, and biopsies:

• Physical Exam: Checking for signs of jaundice and palpating the abdomen for masses.
• Blood Tests: Measuring levels of tumor markers such as CA 19-9.
• Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI, and PET scans to visualize the pancreas and surrounding tissues.
• Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Using an endoscope with an ultrasound to obtain detailed images and perform a biopsy.
• Biopsy: Removing a sample of pancreatic tissue to examine under a microscope for cancer cells.

What are the Common Treatments for Pancreatic Cancer?

Treatment for pancreatic cancer depends on the stage, location of the tumor, overall health, and patient preferences. Common treatments include:

What is Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer?

Surgery aims to remove the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue. Types of surgery include:

• Whipple Procedure (Pancreaticoduodenectomy): Removing the head of the pancreas, part of the stomach, small intestine, gallbladder, and bile duct.
• Distal Pancreatectomy: Removing the body and tail of the pancreas, often along with the spleen.
• Total Pancreatectomy: Removing the entire pancreas, part of the stomach, small intestine, gallbladder, spleen, and bile duct.

What is Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer?

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is often used in combination with chemotherapy, either before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.

How Does Chemotherapy Work for Pancreatic Cancer?

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It can be used before surgery to shrink tumors, after surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells, or as the main treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer.

What is Targeted Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer?

Targeted therapy uses drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms, minimizing damage to normal cells. These therapies are often used for advanced pancreatic cancer with specific genetic mutations.

What is Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer?

Immunotherapy helps boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It includes treatments like checkpoint inhibitors, which may be used in certain cases of pancreatic cancer.

What are the Side Effects of Pancreatic Cancer Treatments?

Side effects vary depending on the treatment type and individual patient:

• Surgery: Risks include infection, bleeding, digestive problems, and complications related to removing parts of the pancreas.
• Radiation Therapy: Common side effects are fatigue, skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and effects on nearby organs.
• Chemotherapy: Side effects may include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, increased risk of infection, and mouth sores.
• Targeted Therapy: Potential side effects include diarrhea, liver problems, skin rashes, and high blood pressure.
• Immunotherapy: Side effects can range from mild flu-like symptoms to more severe immune-related reactions, such as inflammation in various organs.

What is the Prognosis for Pancreatic Cancer Patients?

The prognosis for pancreatic cancer patients depends on the stage at diagnosis, the size and location of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. Early-stage pancreatic cancer that is surgically resectable has a better prognosis, but most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Advances in treatment are continually improving outcomes, and clinical trials offer access to new therapies. Regular follow-ups and monitoring are crucial for managing pancreatic cancer and detecting any recurrence early.

For comprehensive pancreatic cancer care, schedule an appointment with New England Cancer Specialists. Early detection and advanced treatment options are your best allies in the fight against pancreatic cancer.